Controversy over the Date of Easter: Difference between revisions

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 :''submit yourselves to the presbyters, and receive correction so as to repent...For it is better for you that ye should occupy a humble but honourable place in the flock of Christ, than that, being highly exalted, ye should be cast out from the hope of His people.'' (The Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, CHAP. LVII)
+After John's death, his disciple Polycarp moved to Smyrna, and tutored Irenaeus in that city. Irenaeus moved to Gaul, while Ephesus and Rome held a major dispute over the date of the celebration of Easter. In 263 Ephesus was sacked by the Goths, but was reconstructed under the Byzantine empire.
+Polycarp and Anticles (an earlier Bishop in Rome) had reached a compromise regarding the date of the celebration of Easter that let each church decide for itself. However, a subsequent Bishop in Rome named Victor suddenly excommunicated all the churches in Asia Minor for disagreeing with his interpretation regarding the date of the celebration of Easter (the Sunday after the passover vs. the Jewish date of the Passover). As a result, Irenaeus addressed Victor in a letter (only a fragment of which remains), warning him that if he persisted in the course on which he had entered, the effect would be to rend the Catholic Church in pieces. In 190 or 191, Irenaeus travelled to Rome to meet with Victor, who received and accepted the rebukes of Irenaeus. The debate of the date of the passover was treated independently by each Church intil the Council of Nicea.
+[[The Life of Columba - Book I]]
+CHAPTER III. Prophecy of St. Columba regarding Ernene, son of Crasen.
+:''But during this short time that the saint was a guest in the monastery of Clon, there were many other things also which he prophesied by the revelation of the Holy Ghost; as, for instance, about the discord which arose a long time after among the churches of Scotia (Ireland), on account of the difference with regard to the Easter Feast; ''
+[[Irenaeus Introduction]]
+Vol. I Ante-Nicene Fathers 309
+INTRODUCTORY NOTE TO IRENAEUS AGAINST HERESIES
+:''The Episcopate of Irenaeus was distinguished by labours, "in season and out of season," for the evangelization of Southern Gaul; and he seems to have sent missionaries into other regions of what we now call France. In spite of Paganism and heresy, he rendered Lyons a Christian city and Marcus seems to have retreated before his terrible castigation, taking himself off to regions beyond the Pyrenees. [5] But the pacific name he bears, was rendered yet more illustrious by his interposition to compose the Easter Controversy, then threatening to impair, if not to destroy, the unity of the Church. The beautiful concordat between East and West, in which Polycarp and Anicetus had left the question, was now disturbed by Victor, Bishop of Rome, whose turbulent spirit would not accept the compromise of his predecessor. Irenaeus remonstrates with him in a catholic spirit, and overrules his impetuous temper. At the Council of Nice, the rule for the observance of Easter was finally settled by the whole Church; and the forbearing example of Irenaeus, no doubt contributed greatly to this happy result. The blessed peacemaker survived this great triumph, for a short time only, closing his life, like a true shepherd, with thousands of his flock, in the massacre (A.D. 202) stimulated by the wolfish Emperor Severus.''
 The Bishops in Rome continued with this feeling of supremacy until Polycarp, frusterated by their attempts to influence the other churches over trivial matters, traveled to Rome personally and laid to rest the issue of the date of the Passover/Eucharist. Anicetus (the then Bishop of Rome) submitted to Polycarp's rebuke, and agreed that each church should have the right to determine the date of the Passover/Eucharist independantly.
 Polycarp also influenced Anicetus to condemn certain heresies with more vigor.
+#First Council of Nicaea (325): repudiated Arianism and Quartodecimanism (Easter on the 14th of Nissan), adopted the Nicene Creed (in support of the Trinity), exceptional authority acknowledged for the patriarchs of Alexandria and Rome, for their respective regions;
+Abbot Segene of Iona sent Aedan as a missionary to evangelize Northumbria (England), and disputed with Pope Severinus in 638 over the date of Easter.  Aedan converted the English simply by walking from village to village, politely conversing, and slowly winning their hearts to Christ, and established a Monastary at Lindisfarne. Aedan was succeded by Finan and then Colman.  Colman was eventually evicted by the Christian Northumbrians after they accepted the Roman date of Easter (which the Ionian monks strongly protested), and he returned to Iona and later established a monastary on the island of Inishbofin off the west coast of Ireland, which remained until the 10th Century.
+Adomnan continued in Columba's footsteps, and at one point convinced 51 kings to sign the "Cain Adomnan", protecting children, women, the clergy, students, and peasants during times of war.  After Adomnan, Conomail of Iona became very involved with the Easter controversy, and was finally replaced under questionable circumstances by Dunchad.  Dunchad quickly adopted the Roman date of Easter, and established ties with Rome.  At the same time, King Nechtan IV of the Picts expelled all of the Ionian monks as he wished to remain free from both Rome and Northumbrian influence.
+The politics of the Roman Church brought about the fall of Iona, which was readily apparent to the Pictish kings.  Lindisfarne was sacked by the Vikings in 793, and Iona in 795.
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