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The Baptismal Formula

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The Question

We have received a number of questions that specifically relate to the baptismal forumula (the words said over the person being baptized). Here is an amalgam of some of the questions we have received:

No one was ever baptized by the Apostles in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. If it was permissible then surely there would be some record in scripture that baptism could or should be in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. But this does not exist.
If I am not wrong, Apostle John died in 100 AD and first evidence of baptism in the in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit was that of Justin Martyr who was also born in 100 AD.
By that time the Church started to drift away from the original teaching of the Apostles. Polycarp the direct disciple of John the Baptist fought against it tooth and nail. The feast of Passover was changed to the festival of Good Friday and Easter. Polycarp opposed it and finally was killed.
Change in the mode of the formula to Christian Baptism is seen right after the death of the Apostles and many changes in the faith and teaching of the Apostles were also made during that period. And that is how the baptism in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit was introduced in the Church.
Show me at least one Scripture where the Apostles have baptized the believers in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. There is none. And hence it can not be a part of our teaching and faith.
The name of Jesus is given to us, as the meaning of this word is “Jehovah is My Salvation.’ Words as Father, Son and Holy Spirit does not mean that, “Jehovah is My Salvation.’ And hence you have to take the name of Jesus while baptizing a person. Now there are many persons in the Bible who had name Jesus but there is only one Jesus who is Lord and Christ that is our Lord Jesus Christ and hence you must add Christ or Lord to the name of Jesus. That is why Apostle Paul said in Colossians 3:17 - 'And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him.'

This article attempts to answer this question.

Derivation from a Oneness Christology

Questions like these stem from a lingering adherence to message theology which was strongly influenced by the Oneness Pentecostal movement.

According to oneness teaching, the only valid baptism is in “Jesus’ name” and not “in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.” Trinitarian baptism is seen as a Roman Catholic error that was forced on the church in the Nicean Creed in A.D. 325. Therefore, anyone who received Trinitarian baptism was not fully Christian.[1]

Please go to our article on Oneness theology for detailed information on the teaching.

If you use the wrong formula are you out?

What is the status of those who have been baptized in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit in accordance with Matthew 28:19?

Are they unsaved? If so, then the list of people who would be excluded from Christianity would include:

  1. John Wycliffe, d. 1384
  2. Jan Huss, d. 1411
  3. William Tyndale, d.1536
  4. Martin Luther, d. 1546
  5. Menno Simons, d. 1561
  6. John Foxe, d. 1587
  7. Jacob Arminius, d. 1609  
  8. John Bunyan, d. 1688
  9. Isaac Watts, d.1748
  10. Jonathan Edwards, d. 1758
  11. George Whitfield, d. 1770
  12. John Wesley, d. 1791
  13. John Newton, d. 1807
  14. Francis Asbury, d. 1816
  15. William Wilberforce, d. 1833
  16. William Carey, d. 1834
  17. Elizabeth Fry, d. 1845
  18. Adoniram Judson, d. 1850
  19. Phoebe Palmer, d. 1874
  20. Charles Finney, d. 1875
  21. Catherine Booth, d. 1890
  22. Charles Spurgeon, d. 1892
  23. George Müller, d. 1898
  24. William Gladstone, d. 1898
  25. Dwight Lyman Moody, d. 1899
  26. James Hudson Taylor, d. 1905
  27. Clara Swain, d. 1910
  28. William Booth, d. 1912
  29. Harriet Tubman, d. 1913
  30. Fanny Crosby, d. 1915
  31. Oswald Chambers, d. 1917
  32. Fanny Crosby, d. 1915
  33. Pandita Ramabai, d. 1922
  34. Billy Sunday, d. 1935
  35. C. S. Lewis, d. 1963
  36. Billy Graham, d. 2018 

These are just a few of the giants of the Christian faith who were baptized "in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."

If you can't exclude these people, why would you exclude anyone baptized currently in the "Trinitarian baptismal formula"?

Our view is that you can't.

The Scriptural Witness

Matthew 28:18-20

And Jesus came up and spoke to them, saying, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. "Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.”[2]

Acts 2:38

Peter said to them, “Repent, and each of you be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins; and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.[3]

Acts 8:14-16

Now when the apostles in Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent them Peter and John, who came down and prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit. For He had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had simply been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.[4]

Acts 10:48

And he ordered them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ. Then they asked him to stay on for a few days.[5]

Acts 19:5

On hearing this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.[6]

Romans 6:3

Or do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus have been baptized into His death?[7]

What does the scriptural witness tell us?

What is clear from the scriptural references is that there was no "magic formula" for water baptism. There are no exact words that are required to be spoken. As opposed to what William Branham taught, there is certainly no requirement that when a person is baptized, the words must be spoken over them... "I baptize you in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ."

It is also interesting to note that only in the book of Acts are there actual references to the baptismal formula. We can't really know what any of the other apostles said when they baptized converts? What did Matthew say? We don't know.

When did the baptismal formula change?

When was the first person baptized in the Trinitarian baptismal formula? Again, we don't know. But it was certainly hundreds of years earlier than the date proposed by William Branham. Could it have been that some were baptizing in the Trinitarian formula during the time of the disciples? That is definitely possible. Again, we just don't know and it is impossible to arrive at any definitive conclusion.

Reference to Polycarp

It is true that Polycarp did get embroiled in the dispute over the date which Easter should be celebrated (see our article on the Controversy over the Date of Easter).

However, this is strange given Paul's admonition in Colossians 2:16:

Therefore do not let anyone judge you by what you eat or drink, or with regard to a religious festival, a New Moon celebration or a Sabbath day.[8]

Why did the baptismal forumula change?

If the primary formula for baptism changed, it was likely that it had to do with counteracting false teaching on the Godhead.

There was error around when the apostles were still on the earth. However, those false teachings later developed into false doctrine and the church counteracted that with "orthodoxy", which simply means "right teaching."

Some of the more significant heresies prior to the Nicene Council were:

  1. Gnosticism
  2. Sabellianism
  3. Adoptionism
  4. Arianism
  5. Marcionism
  6. Ebionism

Cyprian (c. 210 – 258 AD) was a bishop of Carthage in North Africa. He wrote the following:

Since, therefore, from the preaching and testimony of Christ Himself, the Father who sent must be first known, then afterwards Christ, who was sent, and there cannot be a hope of salvation except by knowing the two together; how, when God the Father is not known, nay, is even blasphemed, can they who among the heretics are said to be baptized in the name of Christ, be judged to have obtained the remission of sins?[9]

The Historical Record of the Church

There is pronounced over him who chooses to be born again, and has repented of his sins, the name of God the Father and Lord of the universe; he who leads to the laver the person that is to be washed, calling him by his name alone. For no one can utter the name of the ineffable God; and if any one dare to say that there is a name, he raves with a hopeless madness. And this washing is called illumination, because they who learn these things are illuminated in their understandings. And in the name of Jesus Christ, who was crucified under Pontius Pilate, and in the name of the Holy Ghost, who through the prophets foretold all things about Jesus, he who is illuminated is washed.”[10]


JUSTIN, the Martyr, having spoken of the preparations of the applicants for baptism, adds: “they are then conducted by us to a place where there is water, and they are regenerated, after the same mode of regeneration, wherein we ourselves were regenerated, for they then are washed in the water, in the name of the Father and Lord God of all, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Ghost.[11]


Then they are brought by us where there is water, and are regenerated in the same manner in which we were ourselves regenerated. For, in the name of God, the Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing with water.[12]



Footnotes

  1. ↑ Vinson Synan, The Century of the Holy Spirit: 100 Years of Pentecostal and Charismatic Renewal, 1901–2001 (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 2001), 141.
  2. ↑ New American Standard Bible: 1995 Update (La Habra, CA: The Lockman Foundation, 1995), Mt 28:18–20.
  3. ↑ New American Standard Bible: 1995 Update (La Habra, CA: The Lockman Foundation, 1995), Ac 2:38.
  4. ↑ New American Standard Bible: 1995 Update (La Habra, CA: The Lockman Foundation, 1995), Ac 8:14–16.
  5. ↑ New American Standard Bible: 1995 Update (La Habra, CA: The Lockman Foundation, 1995), Ac 10:48.
  6. ↑ The New International Version (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011), Ac 19:5.
  7. ↑ New American Standard Bible: 1995 Update (La Habra, CA: The Lockman Foundation, 1995), Ro 6:3.
  8. ↑ The New International Version (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011), Col 2:16.
  9. ↑ Cyprian of Carthage, “The Epistles of Cyprian,” in Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Novatian, Appendix, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, trans. Robert Ernest Wallis, vol. 5, The Ante-Nicene Fathers (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1886), 383.
  10. ↑ Wri. of Justin, pp. 59, 60. Clark’s Edi. as quoted in R. Ingham, A Handbook of Christian Baptism: Subjects, vol. II (London: E. Stock, 1871), 429.R. Ingham, A Handbook of Christian Baptism: Subjects, vol. II (London: E. Stock, 1871), 429.
  11. ↑ Basil of Caesarea, A Treatise on Baptism and A Treatise on Confirmation, trans. Francis Patrick Kenrick (Philadelphia: M. Fithian, 1843), 107.
  12. ↑ Justin Martyr, “The First Apology of Justin,” in The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe, vol. 1, The Ante-Nicene Fathers (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885), 183.


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