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El Shaddai: Difference between revisions
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El Shaddai is used in the longer form seven times in the Scriptures (Gn 17:1; 28:3; 35:11; 43:14; 48:3; Ex 6:3; Ez 10:5). In the shorter form (Shaddai), it appears more frequently: in Job 30 times, in Psalms 19:1 and 68:14, once in Isaiah (13:6), Ezekiel (1:24), Joel (1:15), and Ruth (1:21). | |||
=Preferred meaning= | |||
In the passages referred to above, the combined ideas of God as the all-powerful, all-sufficient, transcendent, sovereign ruler and disposer are present. This meaning is generally accepted. The most preferred explanation is that Shaddai is derived from the verb shadad (“to overpower, to deal violently, or to devastate”). A clear connection between shadad and Shaddai is said to be found in Isaiah 13:6 and Joel 1:15. God as El Shaddai is presented as the all-powerful One, totally self-sufficient, absolute ruler, and the One who can and does make final disposition. | |||
The Septuagint (LXX) has adopted this meaning; it translates El Shaddai as Pantokrator, the “All Ruler or Sovereign One.” | |||
G. Vos points out that El and Elohim emphasize God’s relation to nature, and El Shaddai points to God’s overpowering nature in the service of his grace and compelling her to further her designs. L. Berkhof (Systematic Theology) points out that whereas God as El Shaddai is indeed presented as the all-powerful One who overpowers nature, the name, where it occurs in the Bible, does not present God as an object of fear or terror, but rather as a source of blessing and comfort.<ref>Walter A. Elwell and Barry J. Beitzel, Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988), 882–883.</ref> | |||
=Minority views= | |||
Some suggest that Shaddai is a composite term of sha (“the one who”) and dai (“is sufficient”). Some later Greek versions of the Old Testament have adopted this meaning. This view is not as well accepted as the view above. | |||
==Least accepted meanings== | |||
Some have begun with shad as the first concept to be considered; its meaning is “breast, pap, or teat,” and it is considered by them as a metaphor of God who nourishes, supplies, and satisfies. However, the root of shad (shadah) in Semitic usage, is to moisten; this meaning is not the preferred one in the context in which El Shaddai appears; nor is shed (demon), which some scholars have sought to use because it appears in Deuteronomy 32:17 and Psalm 106:37 speaking of Israel’s idolatry. In addition to the fact that shed is spelled differently, the connection between the concept of demon and God as all-powerful is difficult to establish.<ref>Walter A. Elwell and Barry J. Beitzel, Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1988), 882–883.</ref> | |||
It is interesting to know that the recent Scofield revision (1967) recognizes the error of the the earlier emphasis and assigns more weight to “all sufficient” as the usual translation of EL SHADDAI is “God Almighty.” <ref>Carl F. H. Henry, God, Revelation, and Authority, vol. 2 (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1999), 193.</ref> | |||
=References= | |||
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