Slavery in the Bible

Click on headings to expand them, or links to go to specific articles.

Click here to find out about THE definitive book on William Branham - Under The Halo: Examining the Legacy of William Branham

There is no question that the Bible has been used historically both to justify and condemn slavery.

The abolition of slavery in the British Empire was led by William Wilberforce (1759–1833), an English politician and leader of the parliamentary movement to abolish the transatlantic slave trade. His decades of tireless campaigning successfully culminated in the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1807. Wilberforce was an Evangelical Anglican and a leading figure in the late 18th-century Evangelical Revival.

Does Paul condone slavery

Paul’s statements on slavery neither condemn nor condone the institution from a political perspective. Because both slaves and slave owners had become Christians, the early church needed to address master-slave relationships directly, and Paul’s response was characteristically nuanced.

Paul insists on the equality of slaves and free people within the church. Paul writes to the Corinthians:

“For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit” (1 Cor. 12:13).

Likewise, he writes to the Colossians,

“Here there is not Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave, free; but Christ is all, and in all” (Col. 3:11).

And to the Galatians:

“There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” (Gal. 3:28).

In line with statements like this, one of the earliest non-Christian sources we have concerning the persecution of Christians suggests it may not have been uncommon for slaves to hold leadership roles in the early church. In an early second-century letter to the Emperor Trajan, Pliny the Younger recounts trying to find out more about Christianity by torturing “two female slaves who were called deaconesses.” Some slaves were able to purchase their freedom, and Paul encourages them to do so if they can:

Were you called as a slave? Do not let it concern you. But if you are also able to become free, take advantage of that. For the one who was called in the Lord as a slave, is the Lord’s freed person; likewise the one who was called as free, is Christ’s slave. You were bought for a price; do not become slaves of people. (1 Co 7:21–23.)

Rather than launching a political revolt, Paul developed his revolutionary vision through the church as a new community where selflessness and love created relationships grounded in mutual affirmation rather than power. Although Paul did not condemn slavery, he distinctly did not condone it—making his treatment of slavery fundamentally different from his approach to marriage and family relationships. His discussion of slaves’ duties and masters’ responsibilities contains nothing affirming slavery as naturally valid or divinely mandated.

The transformative impact of Paul’s teaching becomes apparent in how he reframes slavery itself. The New Testament insists on equality within the church, with Paul declaring that in baptism “there is not Greek and Jew...slave, free; but Christ is all, and in all”. When Paul instructs slaves to serve, he redirects their allegiance from earthly masters to Christ, their true Master who will reward them—emphasizing they serve as sons and daughters of God.

Significantly, Paul explicitly condemns “enslaving” as a lawbreaking sin alongside other transgressions, which directly undermines any attempt to justify slavery on biblical grounds. Building on Exodus 21:16, where slave catching is a crime leading to capital punishment, Paul lists “enslaving” alongside other lawbreaking sins (1 Tim. 1:10):

But we know that the Law is good, if one uses it lawfully, realizing the fact that law is not made for a righteous person but for those who are lawless and rebellious, for the ungodly and sinners, for the unholy and worldly, for those who kill their fathers or mothers, for murderers, for the asexually immoral, homosexuals, slave traders, liars, perjurers, and whatever else is contrary to sound teaching, according to the glorious gospel of the blessed God, with which I have been entrusted. (Ti 1:8–11)

While encouraging slaves to flee could have caused them great harm given their lack of agency, Paul’s vision fundamentally undermined slavery’s philosophical foundation by insisting on the spiritual equality and dignity of enslaved persons.

What about 1 Timothy 6:1–2, Titus 2:9–10, Ephesians 6:5–9 and Colossians 3:22–4:1?

These passages don’t condone slavery—they address how Christians should behave within an existing system they lacked the power to dismantle. The distinction matters enormously.

The New Testament contains no call for slavery’s abolition, partly because the early church, a tiny community in a massive empire, had no power to abolish it. Attempting to rebel against Roman slavery would have branded the church as subversive and threatened its survival, so apostles suggested believers live within the system while transforming it through changed lives in Christ. Paul wanted gradual change rather than sudden societal revolts, exhorting Christians to behave properly in their current position because acting in a Christ-like manner immediately was most important.

The passages themselves contain revolutionary elements disguised by their pragmatic surface. While 1 Timothy and Titus address only slaves, Ephesians and Colossians address both slaves and masters — a crucial shift. In Ephesians and Colossians, the relationship becomes reciprocal: masters must not threaten slaves but treat them justly and fairly, remembering they answer to a Master in heaven, with all relationships governed by Christian love. When people become disciples of Jesus, regardless of previous status, they become “beloved” brothers and sisters and friends, equal to one another.

Philemon reveals the Christian view most clearly: Paul returns the runaway slave Onesimus to his master, but urges Philemon to receive him “no longer as a slave but more than a slave, a beloved brother.” The free become slaves and the slaves become free—spiritually speaking, the hierarchy collapses. Believers who were servants weren’t freed from serving their masters, but they were freed from slavery to sin. These texts regulate an evil they couldn’t immediately abolish while planting seeds for its eventual destruction.

Does the Old Testament condone slavery?

The Old Testament does not condemn slavery outright but instead accepts it as part of the ancient world and provides regulations governing it. The modern, race-based "chattel slavery" that was seen in the Americas was not condoned, Instead, it regulated a society where servitude often functioned like a welfare or debt-repayment system, while also permitting the enslavement of prisoners of war.

The regulations themselves reveal a trajectory toward humanization. The legal codes show an increasing humanization of slavery compared to surrounding cultures, with Hebrew slaves receiving greater protections and their status elevated from mere property to human beings who happened to be owned. The Mosaic law promoted mild treatment of slaves, particularly Israelite slaves. Beyond protection, the Old Testament provided numerous pathways to freedom—slaves could purchase their release, Hebrew slaves were freed in Sabbatical and Jubilee cycles, and inhumane treatment by masters became grounds for release.

Scholarly and theological perspectives emphasize the following:

• Kidnapping was outlawed: The Old Testament strictly condemns forced enslavement by kidnapping, making it punishable by death (Exodus 21:16).
• Debt bondage: Israelites could sell themselves into temporary servitude to pay off debts, but the Law mandated their release after six years (Exodus 21:2).
• Rules of war: Foreign captives acquired during war or purchased from surrounding nations could be kept as permanent slaves and passed down as property (Leviticus 25:44-46).
• Protections: Masters were required to treat servants humanely, and if a master permanently injured a slave, the slave was to be set free (Exodus 21:26-27).
  

God’s liberation of the Israelites from Egyptian slavery became the paradigmatic experience of God’s justice and compassion, framing the Ten Commandments themselves. Decrees involving slavery remained sensitive to the fact that Israelites had experienced enslavement. Rather than endorsing the institution, the Bible could be read as showing a consistent theme of liberation from slavery, with prophets condemning slaveholders who ignored Jubilee rules and forced their countrymen into bondage again.

Ultimately, while God’s accommodation of existing cultural aspects doesn’t necessarily reflect His ideal will, slavery was accepted and regulated rather than abolished—suggesting the Old Testament regulated an imperfect practice without endorsing it as inherently good.

Navigation

Home Our Podcast The List of Problems Life Story Prophecies & Visions Seven Seals Was William Branham Honest? Doctrines

Church Ages Jesus Languages Videos Print Resources Help! Facebook Contact Us