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<div style="border-bottom:2px #B87333 solid; text-align:lrft; padding:1px; margin:1px;"><font color='#800000' size='+1'>'''The Cloud (Part 2) - What Caused The Cloud?'''.</font>  </div>
<mediaplayer>http://youtu.be/ne_eJ9osvnc</mediaplayer>
[[Image:Cloud-Large.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Page 112 of the May 1963 edition of Life Magazine]] 
{{Template:Cloud}}

 
At around sunset on February 28, 1963, a cloud (referred to in this article as the "Cloud") appeared in the vicinity of Flagstaff, AZ and remained sunlit for 28 minutes after sunset.  It was highlighted in the [[Life Magazine May1963 (Page 112)|May 1963 edition of Life Magazine]].  In addition to Life Magazine, various articles written appeared in [http://www.spokenwordchurch.com/themessageresourcelibrary/Articles/Cloud%20Article%20-%20Science%20Magazine%20Cloud%20Article%20April%201963.pdf Science Magazine (April 19, 1963)], [http://www.spokenwordchurch.com/themessageresourcelibrary/Articles/Cloud%20Article%20-%20Dr%20McDonalds%20Cloud%20Investigation%20Supplement%201963.pdf an independent report issued May 31, 1963], and in [http://www.spokenwordchurch.com/themessageresourcelibrary/Articles/Cloud%20Article%20-%20Weather%20Wise%20Magazine%20Cloud%20Article%20June%201963.pdf Weatherwise Magazine (June 1963)].

The cloud was very unusual and puzzled scientists at the time, who could not find a conclusive explanation for the cloud.  The height of the cloud was initially estimated by James E. McDonald from the Institute of Atmospheric Physics at the University of Arizona, Tucson, as being approximately 35 kilometers but was later revised by him to be at approximately 43 kilometers (141,000 feet). 

=Was the Cloud important?=

Believers of William Branham's message view the cloud as part of the fulfillment of a vision that William Branham had in December 1962 that Seven Angels would meet him outside of Tuscon, Arizona (see [[Prophecy of the Cloud]]).  They see it as a supernatural sign the preceded William Branham's opening of the [[Seven Seals]].

Critics view the cloud as simply being the aftermath of the intentional destruction of a Thor rocket over Vandenburg air force base.  They also view William Branham's stories about the cloud being the aftermath of the angelic visitation as untruthful as these stories are in direct contravention with the facts. They believe that William Branham's own testimony clearly show that he made up the stories about being at the cloud's genesis and that these stories only began after he saw the article in Life Magazine.

=Explanations for the Cloud=

Followers of the message believe that there is a complete supernatural explanation for the Cloud while those outside of the message think that it simply a natural phenomena that had a credible scientific explanation. 

==The Scientific Explanation==

On February 28, 1963, a thrust assisted Thor rocket was launched from pad 75-3-5 at Vandenburg Air Force base in California carrying a Keyhole 4 military surveillance satellite.<ref>http://www.astronautix.com/thisday/febary28.htm</ref>  The rocket started to veer off course and was intentionally destroyed<ref>http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/mwade/lvs/tatgenad.htm</ref> at an altitude of 44 kilometers (144,000 feet) at 1:52pm.<ref>McDonald, Dr. James E, Cloud-Ring in the Upper Stratosphere, ''Weatherwise'', June 1963, Page 100</ref>
[[Image:NasaMakesACloud.jpg|thumb|370px|In March 2012 NASA made some clouds in the morning sky with a shape and height similar to the February 1963 cloud.]]
The cloud was investigated by Dr. James F. MacDonald in a number of published scientific reports.  Dr. MacDonald is famous for his investigations of UFO's, yet was was senior physicist at the Institute for Atmospheric Physics and professor in the Department of Meteorology, University of Arizona, Tucson.

Dr. MacDonald never published a final report on the cloud. Why?  It is likely that he lost interest in the cloud as he arrived at a likely explanation of the cloud that was not particularly interesting, i.e. the explosion of the rocket.  As an individual who criticized the scientific community for ignoring phenomena that defied interpretation by conventional science, it is extremely unlikely that he would have failed to publish a final report on the cloud simply because he could not explain it.

The facts:
#The explosion of the rocket was on the same day as the cloud appeared.
#The explosion of the rocket was at the same height as the height of the cloud (the height of the explosion was exact while the height of the cloud was estimated).  
#No one recorded the wind speed on the day of the Thor explosion but the wind speed recorded by scientists on the day before was, according to Dr. Macdonald, "tantalizingly close" to the required wind speed.
#Windspeeds can vary with distance and therefore, the rocket explanation is the most plausible.

Dr. McDonald reports that the cloud appeared in the Mesosphere, but that clouds cannot form at this height. <ref> http://www.spokenwordchurch.com/themessageresourcelibrary/Articles/Cloud%20Article%20-%20Dr%20McDonalds%20Cloud%20Investigation%20Supplement%201963.pdf </ref>  However, '''Dr. McDonald has subsequently been proven wrong''' - visible exhaust clouds can reach into the Mesosphere. <ref>http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/rktr1j.htm </ref>  More recently, NASA has been testing wind currents at high altitudes by creating extremely high clouds with chemicals.  Some of these appear shapes similar to the February 28, 1963 photograph published in Life Magazine and exist without an “exhaust trail” back to the launch site. <ref>http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/pictures/120327-nasa-rockets-clouds-wallops-jet-stream-edge-space-science/#/nasa-rocket-launch-strange-clouds-blue_50490_600x450.jpg</ref>  

Unlike the 1960s, anyone can now see rocket launches from the Vandenburg Air Force Base in California on Youtube.<ref> http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=SGBuQL-FvGI </ref>  Depending on conditions, these launches can be seen from Tucson and beyond, and can leave clouds stretching into the mesosphere that remain illuminated long after sunset. <ref> http://spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/cosmic/launch.html and http://www.atoptics.co.uk/highsky/rktr1j.htm </ref>    

The fact that rocket launches were seen as the cause of similar clouds appearing shortly after the Cloud appeared was also confirmed by scientists.  For example:

:'''Abstract''' - A bright noctilucent cloud was observed and photographed north-west of Tucson on 15 June 1963. Results of computations indicate that the cloud was at a height of 71 kilometers. The cloud appears to have resulted from the launching of a Scout space vehicle. <ref> [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/141/3586/1176.abstract Science Magazine, September 1963: Vol. 141, no. 3586, pp. 1176-1178, DOI: 10.1126/science.141.3586.1176, ''Low-Latitude Noctilucent Cloud of 15 June 1963'', Aden B. Meinel1, Barbara Middlehurst, Ewen Whitaker]</ref>

:'''Abstract''' - Measurement of the filamentary noctilucent cloud of 2 November 1963 yields a height of 56 km. Study of the motion and orientation of the cloud confirms the hypothesis that these unusual clouds appearing in the southwestern states are produced by the launching of rocket vehicles from the Pacific Missile Range.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/143/3601/38.abstract Science Magazine, January 1964: Vol. 143, no. 3601, pp. 38-39, DOI:0.1126/science.143.3601.38, Low-Latitude Noctilucent Cloud of 2 November 1963, Aden B. Meinel, Carolyn P. Meinel]</ref>

===Why was the cloud not seen before sunset?===

Questions have also been raised as to why was the cloud not seen prior to appearing over Flagstaff.  However, as the cloud was similar to a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud noctilucent cloud], it would not be visible until the sky began to darken at sunset.  Dr. MacDonald made no mention of the noctilucent cloud phenomena in his report.

In March 2012, NASA launched five rockets off the east coast of the USA to create some of these clouds. These clouds formed rings that look like the May 1963 Life magazine photo. <ref>http://www.gizmag.com/nasa-tracer-rockets-form-ringed-clouds-at-the-edge-of-space/21972/pictures#12</ref>

==The Second Cloud==

Questions have also been raised about a second cloud accompanying the cloud.  The second cloud is noted in the Life Magazine (and some other scientific reports),  and appears in a smaller photograph off to the north-west. 

This second cloud presents a serious problem for those arguing for a supernatural explanation: were there 2 sets of angels?  Why didn't William Branham mention the second cloud if he was standing right underneath it?

==Problems with the Spiritual Interpretation==

Questions that must be asked if the cloud is seen to be supernatural in origin:

#If the cloud is related to the events which occurred at [[Rattlesnake Mesa]], why didn't the cloud appear there?
#Why did William Branham state that the cloud was directly above him when it appeared 8 days earlier 200 miles away?
#William Branham stated that the Cloud was formed as the angels left him.  If that is the case, why did the Cloud appear 8 days prior to the visitation of the angels.
#Why didn't the cloud appear at the time that William Branham said that his [[Prophecy of the Cloud|vision]] was fulfilled?
#Why does he state that the magazine refers to the same place that he was hunting when it clearly does not?
#Why does he again state that he was under the cloud, when he wasn't anywhere close to it?  Some message ministers have stated that the Cloud that William Branham saw was in another dimension but he specifically states that the Cloud that was formed when the angels left him and that science took a picture of that cloud?
#Why did he say absolutely nothing about the Cloud until he was shown a picture of it in Life magazine?
#People have indicated the William Branham stated privately that the angels had been waiting for him a week before he arrived.  There are a number of problems with this explanation:
##The statement occurs nowhere in the tapes, so cannot be verified.  Is this something that a message believer simply made up to explain the time problem?
##William Branham stated that the Cloud was formed when the angels left.  This does not agree with the theory that the Cloud was formed when they arrived.
##If there was a face in the Cloud, why was it looking towards Las Vegas?

=Video Script=

At dusk on February 28, 1963, a cloud appeared in the skies above Flagstaff, Arizona and remained sunlit for 28 minutes after sunset. It was highlighted in the May 1963 edition of Life Magazine.  William Branham explained that the cloud was part of the fulfillment of a vision that he had in December 1962.	 

IT.IS.THE.RISING.OF.THE.SUN_  JEFF.IN  V-3 N-12  SUNDAY_  65-0418M
:''Later, the Angels appeared as was prophesied. And at the same time, a great cluster of Light left where I was standing, and moved thirty miles high in the air, and around the circle, like the wings of the Angels, and drawed into the skies a shape of a pyramid in the same constellation of Angels that appeared.

:''Science took the picture, all the way from Mexico, as it moved from northern Arizona, where the Holy Spirit said I would be standing, "forty miles northeast of Tucson." And it went into the air, and Life magazine packed the pictures, 

William Branham said that the angels appeared to him while he was standing in northern Arizona, and that when they left him they created a cloud that was pictured in the Life Magazine.  

There are a few problems with this.  

First, forty miles northeast of Tucson is not northern Arizona.  Go get a map and measure it for yourself. 
The southern tip of the cloud was just north of Flagstaff when the photo was taken.  Flagstaff is in northern Arizona, and Tucson is in Southern Arizona.  

Second, the cloud that appeared in Life Magazine was photographed one week before William Branham went hunting.  William Branham’s daughter Rebecca Smith confirmed this in an article she wrote called “Return to Sunset”, which was published in the “Only Believe” magazine.  

Finally, William Branham was hunting in the morning, and the cloud appeared in the evening.

So if the cloud was not caused by angels leaving Brother Branham, as he claimed during this sermon, caused it to appear?

In the Life Magazine article, Dr. James McDonald stated that he was not aware of any rocket explosions that day.  
However, he later wrote a supplemental report where he discusses the explosion of a THOR rocket that had been launched from Vandenburg Airforce base in California earlier that day.  

So we looked at the story of the rocket to try to see how likely it was that this explosion caused the cloud and here's what we found.

On February 28, 1963, a Thrust assisted Thor Agenda D rocket was launched from Vandenberg air force base in California.  The rocket was carrying a military spy satellite.  

The rocket malfunctioned and was intentionally destroyed at 1:52 in the afternoon at an estimated height of 44 kilometers.
	   
The height of the cloud that appeared over Flagstaff later that same day was estimated to be about 43 kilometers miles high.  Is this just a random coincidence?
	   
In order to travel the required distance from California to Arizona, the cloud would have to be travelling at 135 miles per hour that afternoon.  But Dr. James McDonald wrote that the wind speed recorded by scientists was,  "tantalizingly close" to the 135 mile an hour wind speed required to carry the cloud from Vandenberg to Flagstaff.

The prevailing winds in California blow from west to east.  It is also not unusual for Jetstream winds to vary in speed as you go from north to south.  Windspeeds on March 1st, 1963 at an altitude of 43 kilometers were 90 miles an hour at White Sands, New Mexico and 125 miles per hour at Point Mugu, California.

Winds and atmospheric conditions are notoriously unpredictable.  However, rocket trails from launches at Vandenberg air force base are regularly seen in Arizona… and even as far east as Oklahoma City.  

On March 27, 2012, NASA launched 5 suborbital sounding rockets which released a chemical tracer that created milky white clouds 60 miles above the earth. They did this to learn about wind-speeds in the Mesosphere.  The pictures that they took reveal circular clouds similar to the February 28, 1963 cloud. 

Someone imposed the picture of Jesus from Hoffman’s painting “Christ at 33” into the photo of the 1963 cloud.  The painting first had to be reversed to do this.  If you are not a message believer, you are likely offended by this picture.  

Still, you can take the same picture from Hoffman’s painting and impose it on the clouds from March 2012, without reversing it.  
If you are a message believer, you are likely offended by this picture.  

But, whether you are looking at the 1963 cloud or the 2012 cloud, you have to manipulate the image to make the picture fit.  	   
	
Questions have been raised as to why the cloud was not seen between Vandenberg and Flagstaff. However, noctilucent clouds are very thin and are only visible at dawn or dusk.  They cannot be seen until the sky starts to darken overhead as it does at sunset.    That is why the Cloud “appeared” over Flagstaff in the evening and was not seen between California and Flagstff.
	 
Based on all of the facts available, it is not only plausible but highly likely that the cloud over Flagstaff was formed by the high altitude destruction of the Thor rocket over Vandenberg Air force base.
 	   
However, our examination of the cloud is not over.  We will next look at whether the cloud could be in any way related to the events which occurred at Rattlesnake Mesa.  

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