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{{Church History}}
Irenaeus commended the Church at Rome for their Apostolic succession, which is an unbroken line of Bishops in the Churches since the apostles. Irenaeus, who was only the third from the Apostles (through Polycarp to John), wrote:
Irenaeus commended the Church at Rome for their Apostolic succession, which is an unbroken line of Bishops in the Churches since the apostles. Irenaeus, who was only the third from the Apostles (through Polycarp to John), wrote:


Line 11: Line 11:
Despite this apostolic succession, which Irenaeus reckoned was present in most churches, Irenaeus himself traveled to Rome to rebuke two Bishops during his lifetime (much like Paul did to Peter) and both submitted to his rebuke.   
Despite this apostolic succession, which Irenaeus reckoned was present in most churches, Irenaeus himself traveled to Rome to rebuke two Bishops during his lifetime (much like Paul did to Peter) and both submitted to his rebuke.   


Heresies arise within established Churches when they do not take correction.  This history shows how the heart of the Church at Rome was lost to sin, while retaining its pious exterior.  Apostolic succession is no replacement for repentance and conversion.  
Heresies arise within established Churches when they do not take correction.  This history shows how the heart of the Church at Rome was lost to sin, while retaining its pious exterior.  Apostolic succession is no replacement for repentance and conversion.


 
==67 A.D. to 199 A.D.==
==67 A.D. to 200 A.D.==
Due to martyrdom, exile, and persecutions in Rome, there was no pastor in this Church in 116 A.D.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' (from ''Liber Pontificalus'', and the writings of Irenaeus)
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' <ref>(from ''Liber Pontificalus'', and the writings of Irenaeus)</ref>
|-
|-
!Name
!Name
Line 81: Line 81:
||174
||174
||Decreed that marriage is only valid if blessed by a priest.  
||Decreed that marriage is only valid if blessed by a priest.  
|-
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' (from ''Liber Pontificalus'', a Roman Catholic document)
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Eleuterus
|Eleuterus
Line 102: Line 91:
||199
||199
||From Africa, he (1) started mass in latin, and (2) excommunicated himself from all other churches for not agreeing with him on the date of Easter.  After a rebuke from Irenaeus, he resumed this fellowship.  
||From Africa, he (1) started mass in latin, and (2) excommunicated himself from all other churches for not agreeing with him on the date of Easter.  After a rebuke from Irenaeus, he resumed this fellowship.  
|-
|}
==200 A.D. to 400 A.D.==
Many of the following people only served as Bishop in Rome for a very short period.  This is due to the intense persecution from the Roman Empire, and then religious interest by the Roman Empire in the Christian Church.  Eusebius, for example, was pastor of Rome for one day.  Anastasius I became the first Bishop to use the title "Pope" in 400 A.D.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' <ref>from ''Liber Pontificalus'', a Roman Catholic document </ref>
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Zephyrinus
|Zephyrinus
Line 192: Line 195:
||314
||314
||Little known.
||Little known.
|-
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' (from ''Liber Pontificalus'', a Roman Catholic document)
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Silvester I
|Silvester I
||314
||314
||335
||335
||Present at the Council of Nicea, gave gifts to Constantine I, condemned Arianism.  
||Present at the Council of Nicaea, gave gifts to Constantine I, condemned Arianism.  
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Mark
|Mark
Line 239: Line 230:
||401
||401
||FIRST BISHOP TO USE THE TITLE OF POPE.  Condemned writings of Origen
||FIRST BISHOP TO USE THE TITLE OF POPE.  Condemned writings of Origen
|-
|-
|}
==400 A.D. to 600 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' <ref>from ''Liber Pontificalus'', a Roman Catholic document</ref>
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Innocent I
|Innocent I
Line 364: Line 367:
||604
||604
||Converted the Anglo-Saxon kings (through arranged marriages) to counter the spread of Christianity from Ireland, which had developed independently from Rome.  
||Converted the Anglo-Saxon kings (through arranged marriages) to counter the spread of Christianity from Ireland, which had developed independently from Rome.  
|- valign="top"
|Sabinian
||604
||606
||Little known, started the ringing of Bells at the Eucharist.
|-
|-
|}
|}


 
==600 A.D. to 800 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
Line 380: Line 378:
!End
!End
!Significant activity
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Sabinian
||604
||606
||Little known, started the ringing of Bells at the Eucharist.
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Boniface III
|Boniface III
Line 495: Line 498:
||795
||795
||Good relations with Charlemagne, who conquered the Lombards.   
||Good relations with Charlemagne, who conquered the Lombards.   
|-
|}
==800 A.D. to 1000 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Leo III
|Leo III
Line 690: Line 705:
||999
||999
||Grandson of Otto I, Pope at 24. Crowned Otto III Emperor.  Otto and Gregory publicly mutilated antipope Cresentius II.  Died suddenly.  
||Grandson of Otto I, Pope at 24. Crowned Otto III Emperor.  Otto and Gregory publicly mutilated antipope Cresentius II.  Died suddenly.  
|-
|}
==1000 A.D. to 1200 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Silvester II
|Silvester II
Line 875: Line 902:
||1198
||1198
||Confirmed the Teutonic order of knights. Crowned, then excommunicated Henry VI (Emperor)
||Confirmed the Teutonic order of knights. Crowned, then excommunicated Henry VI (Emperor)
|-
|}
==1200 A.D. to 1400 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Innocent III
|Innocent III
Line 1,000: Line 1,039:
||1404
||1404
||Re-established Rome's power.  Numerous stuff.
||Re-established Rome's power.  Numerous stuff.
|-
|}
==1400 A.D. to 1600 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Renaissance'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
|Innocent VII
|Innocent VII
Line 1,065: Line 1,116:
||1513
||1513
||Founded the Swiss guard.  Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.  Formed the Holy League of 1511 and expelled the French from Italy.  Was a political and miliatry, rather than a religious leader.  
||Founded the Swiss guard.  Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.  Formed the Holy League of 1511 and expelled the French from Italy.  Was a political and miliatry, rather than a religious leader.  
|- valign="top"
|Leo X
||1513
||1521
||Issued Bull against Martin Luther.  Ratified the censorship of books by Alexander VI.  Involved in much politics and military.  Often travelled around Rome lavishly, with a panther and elephant.  "Under his pontificate, Christianity assumed a pagan character, which, passing from art into manners, gives to this epoch a strange complexion. Crimes for the moment disappeared, to give place to vices; but to charming vices, vices in good taste, such as those indulged in by Alcibiades and sung by Catullus."  (Alexandre Dumas)  Assassined various cardinals who opposed his lavish lifestyle.
|- valign="top"
|Adrian VI
||1522
||1523
||Was previously the Inqisitor General of Aragon
|- valign="top"
|Clement VII
||1523
||1534
||An illigitimate child of Giuliano de' Medici.  Politics with Rome and Italy and Spain saw the Vatican sacked by a Cardinal. Installed illegitimate son Alessandro as Duke of Florence.  Paid not to die after a defeat in battle, and caused the English Schism (and Church of England) after denying Henry VIII's divorce.
|- valign="top"
|Paul III
||1534
||1549
||Elected grandsons as cardinals. Revived the 'Holy Office" of the inquisition.
|- valign="top"
|Julius III
||1550
||1555
||Lived lavishly, possibly scandalous.  Chose a 17 year old as a cardinal (who later commited murder and rape).  Built a villa lavishly decorated with immodest pagan art. 
|- valign="top"
|Marcellus II
||1555
||1555
||22 day rule
|- valign="top"
|Paul IV
||1555
||1559
||"father of the Roman inquisition". Created a Roman Ghetto for Jews and required them to wear distinctive clothing.  introduced the Index Librorum Prohibitorum or 'Index of Prohibited Books' to Venice.
|- valign="top"
|Pius IV
||1559
||1565
||Killed nephews of former pope.  Formulated the Tridentine Creed. Continued the inquisition. 
|- valign="top"
|Pius V
||1566
||1572
||Started reformation of the clergy.  Standardized the Holy Mass.  Opposed Huguenots.  Numerous Bulls. Started wearing white.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XIII
||1572
||1585
||Produced the Gregorian calendar. Tried to convert England through political and military means.  Slaughtered the Heugenots
|- valign="top"
|Sixtus V
||1585
||1590
||Severe.  Imposed taxes, imposed order.
|- valign="top"
|Urban VII
||1590
||1590
||Imposed first smoking ban in churches.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XIV
||1590
||1591
||Freed all Philippine slaves (but not african slaves).
|- valign="top"
|Innocent IX
||1591
||1591
||short rule
|- valign="top"
|Clement VIII
||1592
||1605
||Openly anti-simetic, vigorous law enforcement, established peace through politics.
|-
|}
==1600 A.D. to 1800 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during European Colonization'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Leo XI
||1605
||1605
||short rule
|- valign="top"
|Paul V
||1605
||1621
||Various relations with England, Spain and Japan.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XV
||1621
||1623
||Wrote against witchcraft.
|- valign="top"
|Urban VIII
||1623
||1644
||Covers part of the 30 years war, last Pope to extend papal territory.  Nepotism  - helped his family through his office.
|- valign="top"
|Innocent X
||1644
||1655
||Shrewn politician.  Encyclopaedia Britannia 9th edition (1880): "Throughout his reign the influence exercised over him by Maidalchini, his deceased brother's wife, was very great, and such as to give rise to gross scandal, for which, however, there appears to have been no adequate ground... The avarice of his female counsellor gave to his reign a tone of oppression and sordid greed which probably it would not otherwise have shown, for personally he was not without noble and reforming impulses."  Guido Reni's painting of the Archangel Michael, trampling Satan in which the features of Innocent X are immediately recognized
|- valign="top"
|Alexander VII
||1655
||1667
||Converted Queen Christina of Sweden.  Wrote that the statement that "that Christ died, or shed His blood for all men" was heretical.
|- valign="top"
|Clement IX
||1667
||1669
||opened the first public opera house in Rome
|- valign="top"
|Clement X
||1670
||1676
||Increased presence in Canada.  Politics with Poland/
|- valign="top"
|Innocent XI
||1676
||1689
||Turned deficit by living frugally.
|- valign="top"
|Alexander VIII
||1689
||1691
||Lowered taxes to subsidize other kingdom's efforts against the turks.
|- valign="top"
|Innocent XII
||1691
||1700
||Ruled against Nepotism and simony.
|- valign="top"
|Clement XI
||1700
||1721
||Fought against heresies
|- valign="top"
|Innocent XIII
||1721
||1724
||Stopped admission to the Jesuits, Supported James III (the pretender)
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XIII
||1724
||1730
||Tried to stop lavish lifestyles of clergy members
|- valign="top"
|Clement XII
||1730
||1740
||Improved papal finances by reinstating the public lottery. Decreed against the freemasons, named 8 year old as a cardinal.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XIV
||1740
||1758
||Ruled on ancestor worship vs. veneration of saints, and the name of God in Chinese.
|- valign="top"
|Clement XIII
||1758
||1769
||Put fig leaves on all the sculpures in the vatican. Practiced nepotism.  Jesuits expelled from Spain and portugal. 
|- valign="top"
|Clement XIV
||1769
||1774
||Supressed the Jesuits.
|- valign="top"
|Pius VI
||1775
||1799
||French Revolution.  Was finally taken captive and died in French custody.  Effigy burnt in France. 
|-
|-
|}
|}


==1800 A.D. to Present==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome in Recent History'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Pius VII
||1800
||1823
||Wore a Paper-mache tierra on coronation, as the original was in french hands.  In french control for 6 years, Napoleon defeated.  Revived the inquisition.
|- valign="top"
|Leo XII
||1823
||1829
||Very strict ruler. Ruled Jews must sell property and wear distincitive clothing.  Prohibited vaccinations.
|- valign="top"
|Pius VIII
||1829
||1830
||Did little.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XVI
||1831
||1846
||Opposed democracy, banned railways in papal states, opposed to progress.  Involved in numerous executions.  Loved playing blind-man's bluff with cardinals, and known to throw handfulls of money to his servants off his balcony, while he laughed at them scrambling for the money. 
|- valign="top"
|Pius IX
||1846
||1878
||Adopted Immaculate conception and papal infallibility.  Denounced secret societies, Bible associations, false philosophy, communism, and the press. Last Pope to hold temporal powers, and marked the end of the Papal states.  Arranged the first vatican council.  Embraced technology.
|- valign="top"
|Leo XIII
||1878
||1903
||Supported French Republic, but refused to let Italian Catholics vote.  Condemned the heresy of Americanism. 
|- valign="top"
|Pius X
||1903
||1914
||Motto was " Instaurare Omnia in Christo, or "to restore all things in Christ."  Restored the Gregorian Chant. Denounced the separation of church and state in France. Wrote against modernization and revelation. 
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XV
||1914
||1922
||WWI. Fought for a settled peace from 1914 vs. a total victory by one side or the other. Strong devotion to the Virgin Mary and humanitarian efforts.
|- valign="top"
|Pius XI
||1922
||1939
||Inaugurated the Catholic Action movement.  Established Vatican Radio. On exumenism, ruled that protestants could only be reconciled by denouncing all the doctrines they rejected.  Vatican city receives sovereignty.  Mixed response to the rise of Hitler and Mussolini.
|- valign="top"
|Pius XII
||1939
||1958
||Used Papal infallibility to define assumption of Mary.  Addressed family planning and evolution. Appointed two Jews to work in the Vatican, but did not assist the thousands who died in concentration camps.  Stalled diplomated efforts to export Jews to safer countries.  Non-responsive in WWII.  Described by the British foreign council as the "the greatest moral coward of our age".  The vatican stated that it was "unable to denounce publicly particular atrocities" and only addressed humanity in vague and general terms.  Opposed communism. 
|- valign="top"
|John XXIII
||1958
||1963
||Called the second vatican council to promote ecumenism.  Met with the archbishop of Canterbury.  Awarded the "presidential medal of Freedom" by U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson.
|- valign="top"
|Paul VI
||1963
||1978
||Implemented the decrees of the second vatican council. Addressed birth control. Met with orthodox patriarch, and travelled the world.
|- valign="top"
|John Paul I
||1978
||1978
||Lasted 33 days.  Known as the smiling Pope.
|- valign="top"
|John Paul II
||1978
||2005
||Instrumental in the fall of communism, expanded influence in the third world. Appealed to the youth. was morally conservative.  Travelled worldwide.  Supported ecumenism.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XVI
||2005
||present
||Fights secularism, promotes ecumenism. Deals with strong allegations of paedophiles in the priesthood under his watch as Archbishop, Cardinal and Pope. 
|-
|}


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[[Category:The Seven Church Ages]]
[[Category:Church history]]
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