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{{Church History}}
Irenaeus commended the Church at Rome for their Apostolic succession, which is an unbroken line of Bishops in the Churches since the apostles. Irenaeus, who was only the third from the Apostles (through Polycarp to John), wrote:
Irenaeus commended the Church at Rome for their Apostolic succession, which is an unbroken line of Bishops in the Churches since the apostles. Irenaeus, who was only the third from the Apostles (through Polycarp to John), wrote:


Line 11: Line 11:
Despite this apostolic succession, which Irenaeus reckoned was present in most churches, Irenaeus himself traveled to Rome to rebuke two Bishops during his lifetime (much like Paul did to Peter) and both submitted to his rebuke.   
Despite this apostolic succession, which Irenaeus reckoned was present in most churches, Irenaeus himself traveled to Rome to rebuke two Bishops during his lifetime (much like Paul did to Peter) and both submitted to his rebuke.   


Heresies arise within established Churches when they do not take correction.  This history shows how the heart of the Church at Rome was lost to sin, while retaining its pious exterior.  Apostolic succession is no replacement for repentance and conversion.  
Heresies arise within established Churches when they do not take correction.  This history shows how the heart of the Church at Rome was lost to sin, while retaining its pious exterior.  Apostolic succession is no replacement for repentance and conversion.


 
==67 A.D. to 199 A.D.==
==67 A.D. to 200 A.D.==
Due to martyrdom, exile, and persecutions in Rome, there was no pastor in this Church in 116 A.D.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' (from ''Liber Pontificalus'', and the writings of Irenaeus)
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' <ref>(from ''Liber Pontificalus'', and the writings of Irenaeus)</ref>
|-
|-
!Name
!Name
Line 81: Line 81:
||174
||174
||Decreed that marriage is only valid if blessed by a priest.  
||Decreed that marriage is only valid if blessed by a priest.  
|- valign="top"
|Eleuterus
||174
||189
||Decree that no kind of food should be despised by Christians.  Mild response to Montanism
|- valign="top"
|Victor I
||189
||199
||From Africa, he (1) started mass in latin, and (2) excommunicated himself from all other churches for not agreeing with him on the date of Easter.  After a rebuke from Irenaeus, he resumed this fellowship.
|-
|}
==200 A.D. to 400 A.D.==
Many of the following people only served as Bishop in Rome for a very short period.  This is due to the intense persecution from the Roman Empire, and then religious interest by the Roman Empire in the Christian Church.  Eusebius, for example, was pastor of Rome for one day.  Anastasius I became the first Bishop to use the title "Pope" in 400 A.D.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' <ref>from ''Liber Pontificalus'', a Roman Catholic document </ref>
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Zephyrinus
||199
||217
||Decreed that excommunicated sinners could be absolved through pennance.  Hippolytus (who claimed to be a disciple of Irenaeus) officially broke with the Church of Rome under Zphyrinus, and is often called the first antipope. 
|- valign="top"
|Callixtus
||217
||222
||Established the practice of the absolution of all repented sins.  Was similar to Irenaeus in his doctrine of the Godhead, and was rebuked by Hippolytus and Tertullian, who were both early Trinitarians, for his doctrine and morals.   
|- valign="top"
|Urban 1
||222
||230
||None known
|- valign="top"
|Pontian
||230
||235
||Died in exile with Hippolytus.
|- valign="top"
|Anterus
||235
||236
||None known
|- valign="top"
|Fabian
||236
||250
||Sent men to evangelize Gaul after the persecutions of Emperor Decius had reduced the Christian population (Gaul was the area where Irenaeus had ministered).
|- valign="top"
|Cornelius
||250
||253
||Little known, Excommunicated Novation.
|- valign="top"
|Lucius 1
||253
||254
||Known for relaxed view on restoration of backsliders
|- valign="top"
|Stephen 1
||254
||257
||Declared that those baptised in splinter churches do not need rebaptism
|- valign="top"
|Sixtus II
||257
||258
||Little known.
|- valign="top"
|Dionysius
||259
||268
||Reorganized Roman Church, assisted church in Cappadocia, and demanded doctrine on Godhead from the church in Alexandria
|- valign="top"
|Felix I
||269
||274
||Wrote a letter to Alexandrian church in support of the Trinity and Incarnation.
|- valign="top"
|Eutychian
||275
||283
||Little known.
|- valign="top"
|Caius
||283
||296
||Little known.
|- valign="top"
|Marcellinus
||296
||304
||Recanted Christianity and sacrificed to idols at Emperor Diocletian's persecution, but later recanted and was martyred.
|- valign="top"
|Marcellus I
||308
||309
||Required severe penance for those that backslid during Diocletian's persecution, and was ousted by Emperor Maxentius because of the resulting inter-christian feuds.
|- valign="top"
|Eusebius
||309
||309
||Lasted as Bishop for one day.  Was ousted by Empereor Maxentius for not stopping the inter-Christian riots by admitting the backslidden without pennance.
|- valign="top"
|Miltiades
||310
||314
||Little known.
|- valign="top"
|Silvester I
||314
||335
||Present at the Council of Nicaea, gave gifts to Constantine I, condemned Arianism.
|- valign="top"
|Mark
||336
||336
||Little known, died of natural causes.
|- valign="top"
|Julius I
||337
||352
||Involved in Arian controversy, and deposition of Athanasius.  Wrote "Can you be ignorant, that this is the custom, that we should be written to first, so that from here what is just may be defined" (Epistle of Julius to Antioch, c. xxii).
|- valign="top"
|Liberius
||352
||366
||Admitted to membership the more moderate Arians
|- valign="top"
|Damasus I
||366
||383
||Supporters killed opposing deacon.  Accused of Murder and adultery.  Established the Vulgate (latin translation of the Bible), and set the modern Catholic Canon.
|- valign="top"
|Siricius
||384
||399
||Protested the death sentence of Priscillian, along with Martin of Tours, by Emperor Magnus Maximus as requested by Bishops from Hispania.
|- valign="top"
|Anastasius I
||399
||401
||FIRST BISHOP TO USE THE TITLE OF POPE.  Condemned writings of Origen
|-
|-
|}
==400 A.D. to 600 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Early Bishops of Rome''' <ref>from ''Liber Pontificalus'', a Roman Catholic document</ref>
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Innocent I
||402
||417
||Expanded Rome's authority as the universal settler of disputes
|- valign="top"
|Zosimus
||417
||418
||Fought to establish Rome's authority.  Decreed on the blessing of Easter candles.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface I
||418
||422
||Defended the rights of the Pope
|- valign="top"
|Celestine I
||422
||432
||Did not tolerate any deviation from his predecessor's decrees.
|- valign="top"
|Sixtus III
||432
||440
||Dedicated the Basilica "Santa Maria Maggiore" to Mary, the Mother of God. (Official title from Council of Ephesus in 431)
|- valign="top"
|Leo I
||440
||461
||Convinced Attila the Hun not to sack Rome.  Increased and extended Papal Authority over various areas (i.e. Gaul), "What Leo believes we all believe, anathema to him who believes anything else. Peter has spoken through the mouth of Leo."
|- valign="top"
|Hilarius
||461
||468
||Fought to establish Rome's authority, and contended with Emperor Anthemius to not allow other churches in Rome. 
|- valign="top"
|Simplicius
||468
||483
||Fought heresy and established the Pope's powers.
|- valign="top"
|Felix II
||483
||492
||Fought against heretics and anyone exercising Rome's authority
|- valign="top"
|Gelasius I
||492
||496
||Prolific writer on the Primacy of the Pope.  Replaced the pagan festival of fertility and purification (February), with the celebration of the Virgin Mary.  Fought with eastern Church over God having two divine natures (Rome's view) vs. one divine nature (Eastern view).
|- valign="top"
|Anastasius II
||496
||498
||Endeavoured to reconcile with the eastern Church, and is vilified by subsequent Popes for doing this.
|- valign="top"
|Symmachus
||498
||514
||Accused by Senator Festus of fornication, decreed to be above reproach by human court, but not cleared of charges.
|- valign="top"
|Hormisdas
||514
||523
||Ended the schism with the eastern Churches, with Rome victorious
|- valign="top"
|John I
||523
||526
||Put in prison by Theodoric the Great for not listening to him.
|- valign="top"
|Felix IV
||526
||530
||The choice of Tehodoric the Great for Pope. Defined church teaching on grace and free-will.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface II
||530
||532
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|John II
||533
||535
||First pope to adopt another name.  Dealt with the election process of Popes.
|- valign="top"
|Agapetus I
||535
||536
||Secured a written declaration of faith from Eastern Emperor Justinian I.
|- valign="top"
|Silverius
||536
||537
||Opposed the Monophysite heresy.  Deposed on account of treason.
|- valign="top"
|Vigilius
||537
||555
||Silverius put in his keeping, where he soon died. Fought hard against Monophysitism, and eventually fled Rome when it was attacked by the Goths.
|- valign="top"
|Pelagius I
||556
||561
||Accepted Emperor Justinians "three chapters" reconciliation of monophysitism, which subsequent Popes tried to reverse. Was in Rome when sacked by Totila the Goth.
|- valign="top"
|John III
||561
||574
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|Benedict I
||575
||579
||Election confirmed by the Byzantium emperor. Little known
|- valign="top"
|Pelagius II
||579
||590
||Promoted the celibacy of the clergy
|- valign="top"
|Gregory I
||590
||604
||Converted the Anglo-Saxon kings (through arranged marriages) to counter the spread of Christianity from Ireland, which had developed independently from Rome.
|-
|}
==600 A.D. to 800 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Sabinian
||604
||606
||Little known, started the ringing of Bells at the Eucharist.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface III
||607
||607
||Received a decree from the Emperor Phocas that the Bishop of Rome was the universal bishop.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface IV
||608
||615
||Converted the Pantheon (temple to Jupiter, Venus, and Mars) was rededicated as a church to the Virgin Mary and martyrs.
|- valign="top"
|Adeodatus I
||615
||618
||First Pope to use a seal.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface V
||619
||625
||Christianized England.
|- valign="top"
|Honorius I
||625
||638
||Agreed with the eastern concept of Monothelitism, and was denounced by subsequent popes as a result.
|- valign="top"
|Severinus
||640
||640
||Removed from office by Emperor Heraclius for not signing a Monothelite profession of faith.
|- valign="top"
|John IV
||640
||642
||Wrote to North Ireland about the keeping of Easter. Got Emperor Heraclius to disown Monothelitism.
|- valign="top"
|Theodore I
||642
||649
||Fought against the Monothelites.
|- valign="top"
|Martin I
||649
||655
||Published a decree against Monothelitism, and was arrested by Emperor Constans II for this and banished.
|- valign="top"
|Eugene I
||654
||657
||Fought with Constans agains Monothelitism, saved from banishment by the advance of Muslisms against Rhodes.
|- valign="top"
|Vitalian
||657
||672
||Fought with Constans agains Monothelitism, increased Rome's control over the Church in England
|- valign="top"
|Adeodatus II
||672
||676
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|Donus
||676
||678
||Paved the enclosure at St. Peter's Bascillica, and restored other churches
|- valign="top"
|Agatho
||678
||681
||Healed the Monothelite schism with the east (Rome won) and was the first pope to take the Papal Oath.
|- valign="top"
|Leo II
||682
||683
||Confirmed the results of the 6th eccumenical council to the Bishops of the west.
|- valign="top"
|Various
||684
||715
||Benedict II (684-685), John V (685 - 686), Conon (686 - 687), Sergius I (687 - 701), John VI (701 - 705), John VII (705 - 707), Sisinnius (708 - 708), Constantine (708 - 715)
|- valign="top"
|Gregory II
||716
||731
||Paid off the Lormbards (German warriors) with 30 pounds of gold in return for - more |- missionaries in Germany, and more Papal authority in England and Ireland.  Excommunicated Byzantine emperor Leo III.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory III
||731
||741
||Promoted the church in Northern Europe, condemned the destruction of Icons.
|- valign="top"
|Zachary
||741
||752
||Built a church over the temple of Minerva, and was involved in various French/Germanic politics
|- valign="top"
|Stephen II
||752
||757
||Consecrated Pippin the younger as king of France and protector of the church of Rome.  Pippin conquered territory from the Lombards in return.
|- valign="top"
|Paul I
||757
||767
||Involved in double dealing, politics, and lived in fear of an invasion from Greece.
|- valign="top"
|Stephen III
||767
||772
||Renewed allegiance with the Lombards
|- valign="top"
|Adrian I
||772
||795
||Good relations with Charlemagne, who conquered the Lombards. 
|-
|}
==800 A.D. to 1000 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Leo III
||795
||816
||'''Accused of Perjury and and adultery, Protected by Charlemagne, reinstated as Pope, and crowned Charlemagne the Emperor of the Roman Empire. PAPAL ROME.'''
|- valign="top"
|Stephen IV
||816
||817
||Ordered the Roman people to swear fidelity to Louis the Pious.
|- valign="top"
|Paschal I
||817
||824
||Commisioned missionaries to Scandinavia and the Danes.  Two papal officials testifying against the pope were mysteriously blinded and beheaded.
|- valign="top"
|Eugene II
||824
||827
||Frankish nobles granted right to elect Pope.  Greek emperor Michael II persecutes image-worshipers (Catholics). Supported learning and caring for the poor.
|- valign="top"
|Valentine
||827
||827
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|Gregory IV
||827
||844
||Insisted on the supremacy of St. Peter's successor over the Roman Emperor after Charlemagne's children had a feud. Promoted All Saints day.
|- valign="top"
|Sergius II
||844
||847
||Negotiated with Roman Emperor, Saracens (Muslims) sacked Rome. Accused of bribery to establish church officials.
|- valign="top"
|Leo IV
||847
||855
||Fought against the Muslims, fortified Rome.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict III
||855
||858
||Alfred the Great visited Rome (King of England) and gives golden chalice to pope.  Deals with Kings of France. 
|- valign="top"
|Nicholas I
||858
||867
||Consolidated Papal Power,
|- valign="top"
|Adrian II
||867
||872
||Wife and daughter assassinated after election.  Dealt with Papal power over eastern churches.
|- valign="top"
|John VIII
||872
||882
||Forced to pay tribute to the Saracenes, Allowed use of Slavonic language in German churches.
|- valign="top"
|Various
||882
||896
||Marinus I (882 - 884), Adrian III (884 - 885), Stephen V (885 - 891), Formosus (891 - 896), Boniface VI (896 - 896)
|- valign="top"
|Stephen VI
||896
||897
||Exhumed the body of Formosus, dressed it in papal garments, and all acts disanulled by Stephen VI, clothed in lay garments and buried body.  Strangled for this "Cadaver Synod".
|- valign="top"
|Romanus
||897
||897
||Elected and Deposed.
|- valign="top"
|Theodore II
||897
||897
||Recovered body of Pope Formosus.  Pope for 20 days.
|- valign="top"
|John IX
||898
||900
||Involved in politics.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict IV
||900
||903
||Crowned Leo of Provence as Holy Roman Emperor
|- valign="top"
|Leo V
||903
||903
||Deposed and Murdered
|- valign="top"
|Sergius III
||904
||911
||Papacy a pawn of warring factions.  Pornocracy (rule of Harlots from 904-963).  Controlled by families under the influence of women.  Marozia was the concubine of Pope Sergius III and the mother of Pope John XI. She was also accused of arranging the murder of Pope John X.  First Pope depicted wearing Papal Tiara.
|- valign="top"
|Anastasius III
||911
||913
||Illigitimate son of Sergius III.  Evangelized Normandy.
|- valign="top"
|Lando
||913
||914
||Little known.  Last to use original name.
|- valign="top"
|John X
||914
||928
||Favorite of Theodora, wife of Theophylact.  Led italian princes into battle against the Saracens, won.  Crowned Berenger Roman Emperor.
|- valign="top"
|Leo VI
||928
||928
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|Stephen VII
||928
||931
||Brief reign, elected by Marozia (daughter of Theodora) until her son could be elected pope.  Was then assassinated.
|- valign="top"
|John XI
||931
||935
||Elected by Marozia (mother) until she was overthrown by his younger brother, who stripped Rome of all non-spiritual power.
|- valign="top"
|Leo VII
||936
||939
||Elected by Alberic II, involved in Italian politics, elected Frederic of Mainz as reformer in Germany who was given authority to drive out the Jews who refused to be baptized.
|- valign="top"
|Stephen VIII
||939
||942
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|Marinus II
||942
||946
||Concentrated on administration
|- valign="top"
|Agapetus II
||946
||955
||Appealed to Otto the Great to attack Rome to break the rule of Alberic II.
|- valign="top"
|John XII
||955
||964
||A descendent of Charlemagne.  Known for adultery (with neice, father's concubine, widows).  Castrated and killed opponent, made a toast to the devil.  Granted imperial crown to Otto the great.  Said to have been murdered by a jealous husband.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict V
||964
||964
||Elected and Deposed.
|- valign="top"
|Leo VIII
||963
||965
||Set as pope by Otto the great (who had deposed John XII unsucessfully).  Widely rumored to have died during fornication.
|- valign="top"
|John XIII
||965
||972
||Arranged marriace of Otto II to Neice of Byzantine emperor to reconcile eastern and western churches.  Reported to have been killed by jealous husband.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict VI
||973
||974
||Set as pope by Otto I, and strangled after Otto's death, before Otto II could come to his rescue.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict VII
||974
||983
||Quite rule, related to Alberic II
|- valign="top"
|John XIV
||983
||984
||Elected and put in prison by Antipope Boniface VII (where he died) on the death of Otto II (Otto III was 3 years old).
|- valign="top"
|John XV
||985
||996
||Boniface VII only ruled for 4 months.  Known for bribery, influence held in check by Empress Theophano
|- valign="top"
|Gregory V
||996
||999
||Grandson of Otto I, Pope at 24. Crowned Otto III Emperor.  Otto and Gregory publicly mutilated antipope Cresentius II.  Died suddenly.
|-
|}
==1000 A.D. to 1200 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Silvester II
||999
||1003
||French Pope who introduced Arab arithmatic and Astrology. Was a scientist (thought to dabble with occult), worked against concubiny in the clergy.
|- valign="top"
|John XVII
||1003
||1003
||Little known
|- valign="top"
|John XVIII
||1004
||1009
||Dealt with administration, mission to Slavs, raids of Saracenes.  Ultimately abdicated.  Puppet of Crescentius III, descendant of Theodora.
|- valign="top"
|Sergius IV
||1009
||1012
||Puppet of Crescentius III, descendant of Theodora.  Wrote Papal Bull calling for Islam to be removed from the Holy Land.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict VIII
||1012
||1024
||Descendant of Theophylact. Crowned Henry II of Germany Emperor. Allied with Normans and defeated Saracenes, reconquered south-Italian vassel states that had defected to Greek rule.
|- valign="top"
|John XIX
||1024
||1032
||Not previously a clergymember. Accepted bribe to declare Patriarch of Constantinople an ecumenical bishop.  Involved in politics, including with Poland.
|- valign="top"
|'''Benedict IX'''
||1032
||1044
||Served as Pope 3 times.  Was between 12 - 20 when elected Pope, son of Alberic III. Accused of Homosexuality and Beastiality, rape, adultery, and murders. Abdictated for money.
|- valign="top"
|Silvester III
||1045
||1045
||Deposed for bribing way into election
|- valign="top"
|Benedict IX
||1045
||1045
||Served as Pope 3 times. Sold position to godfather in order to marry. 
|- valign="top"
|Gregory VI
||1045
||1046
||Godfather of Benedict IX. Resigned for purchasing the papacy.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict IX
||1047
||1048
||Served as Pope 3 times.  Driven out by Damasius II and abdicated again.
|- valign="top"
|Clement II
||1046
||1047
||Crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor. Poisoned by lead sugar. Decreed against purchasing the pontificate.
|- valign="top"
|Damasus II
||1048
||1048
||Possibly died of poison or malaria.
|- valign="top"
|Leo IX
||1049
||1054
||Excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople, splitting the easter and western churches (Schism of 1054). Favoured democracy for election. Dealt with marriage of the clergy and bribery.  Defeated in battle against the Normans,
|- valign="top"
|Victor II
||1055
||1057
||Became advisor to Henry IV (infant) and widown empress Agnes, giving him great power.
|- valign="top"
|Stephen IX
||1057
||1058
||Supported clerical celibacy.
|- valign="top"
|Nicholas II
||1059
||1061
||Regulated future elections to the Papacy. Allied with Normans in Italy.
|- valign="top"
|Alexander II
||1061
||1073
||Supported clerical celibacy.  Declared that the conversion of jews should not be by force.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory VII
||1073
||1085
||Involved in politics with Henry IV.  Was deposed and exiled after instituting reforms.
|- valign="top"
|Victor III
||1086
||1087
||Fought to remain in power.  Issue was lay investiture (emperor or pope appointing officials.
|- valign="top"
|Urban II
||1088
||1099
||Started the first crusade, and set up the royal court to run the church.  Started long-term conversion of Sicily.  Various politics and arranged marriages of kings.
|- valign="top"
|Paschal II
||1099
||1118
||Granted investiture to Henry V after imprisonment, various infighting with emperor after death of countess Matilda, an ally.
|- valign="top"
|Gelasius II
||1118
||1119
||Established a staff for the papacy.  More fighting with Henry V
|- valign="top"
|Calixtus II
||1119
||1124
||Settled investiture controversy (won). Member of aristocracy.  Renewed Papal power. Renewed indulgences for crusaders.
|- valign="top"
|Honorius II
||1124
||1130
||Sanctioned the Knights Templar.  More dealings with Henry V
|- valign="top"
|Innocent II
||1130
||1143
||Fights with antipope, finally won.
|- valign="top"
|Celestine II
||1143
||1144
||Absolution of Louis VII of France.
|- valign="top"
|Lucius II
||1144
||1145
||Fought revolution in Rome that wanted to deprive Papal authority of power. Died in battle.
|- valign="top"
|Eugene III
||1145
||1153
||Fought to regain Papal authority in Rome, not successful.
|- valign="top"
|Anastasius IV
||1153
||1154
||Made peace with various political parties.
|- valign="top"
|Adrian IV
||1154
||1159
||An Englishman.  Executed opposition leader.  Byzantine attack in south Italy and Allied with Pope against Normans.  Granted dominion over Ireland to Englishman Henry II. Henry II invaded Ireland, and imposed a tax payable to Rome, and imposed feudal system.
|- valign="top"
|Alexander III
||1159
||1181
||Fights with antipopes, excommunicating, and re-admitting into memberships. (Henry II of England, William I of Scotland)
|- valign="top"
|Lucius III
||1181
||1185
||Started the Inquisition to oppose the Cathars, Paterines, Waldensians, and Arnoldists.  Disputed with Emperor Frederick over estate of Matilda of Tuscany.
|- valign="top"
|Urban III
||1185
||1187
||Refused to crown Prince Henry, who cooperated with the rebel senate in Rome.  Political disputes.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory VIII
||1187
||1187
||little known
|- valign="top"
|Clement III
||1187
||1191
||Resolved political disputes with citizens of Rome, incited the third Crusade, made the Scottish church report directly to Rome.
|- valign="top"
|Celestine III
||1191
||1198
||Confirmed the Teutonic order of knights. Crowned, then excommunicated Henry VI (Emperor)
|-
|}
==1200 A.D. to 1400 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Dark Ages'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Innocent III
||1198
||1216
||Used Papal troops to reestablish Papal authority after the death of Henry VI.  Crowned Otto IV as Emperor, who promised to persecute heresy. Started the Albigensian Crusade. Supported Franciscans and Dominicans. Incited fourth Crusade. Required Jews to wear distinctive clothing.
|- valign="top"
|Honorius III
||1216
||1227
||Started 5th Crusade. Continued to persecute heresies.  Wrote a catalogue of fallen angels and instruction on the art of demonology.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory IX
||1227
||1241
||Various politics with Frederick II (Emperor), Endorsed the northern Crusade and conquest of Russia. Founded Papal legal theory
|- valign="top"
|Celestine IV
||1241
||1241
||Little known. (17 days in office)
|- valign="top"
|Innocent IV
||1243
||1254
||Fought with Frederick II over Papal rights.  Excommunicated and reinstated based on desire to expand Papal territory. '''Acknowledged the right of the state to punish heretics convicted of heresy.'''
|- valign="top"
|Alexander IV
||1254
||1261
||Attempted to unite with Eastern orthodoxy, established the inquistion in France, Crusade against the Tatars
|- valign="top"
|Urban IV
||1261
||1264
||Instituted festival of Corpus Christi, Involved in politics.
|- valign="top"
|Clement IV
||1265
||1268
||Continued papal political war against the  Hohenstaufen dynasty in Sicily. Killed the heir in battle. 
|- valign="top"
|Gregory X
||1271
||1276
||The Visconti Coat of Arms is the image of a large snake devouring a male child feet first.  Appealed for Crusades.
|- valign="top"
|Various
||1276
||1280
||Innocent V (1276 - 1276), Adrian V (1276 - 1276), John XXI (1276 - 1277), Nicholas III (1277 - 1280)
|- valign="top"
|Martin IV
||1281
||1285
||Appointed Charles of Anjou as Roman Senator, and excommunicated Byzantine emperor.  Charles was overthrown, and Martin IV left Rome.  Fond of wine.
|- valign="top"
|Honorius IV
||1285
||1287
||Fought with Sicily, Consolidated Rome under Papal Rule, Used italian banking houses for collecting papal dues. Furthered the inquistion.  Marked the "Apostolic Brethren" as heretics.
|- valign="top"
|Nicholas IV
||1288
||1292
||Loved the Church, Crusades, and extermination of Heresy.  Supported missionaries amoung the Chinese.  Granted wealth to Cardinals.
|- valign="top"
|Celestine V
||1294
||1294
||Not much, abdicated.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface VIII
||1294
||1303
||"Imprisoned Celestine V (who died in prison).  Declared that it "is absolutely necessary for salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff".  This led to feuds with certain kings (Philip IV of france, and Albert I of Hapsburg).  Philip had him beaten, after which he died a month later.  Also presumed to have said (Based on a posthumus investigation held from 1303-1311 republished by J. Coste) that ''The Christian religion is a human invention like the faith of the Jews and the Arabs; The dead will rise just as little as my horse which died yesterday; Mary, when she bore Christ, was just as little a virgin as my own mother when she gave birth to me; Sex and the satisfaction of natural drives is as little a sin as hand washing; Paradise and hell only exist on earth; the healthy, rich and happy people live in the earthly paradise, the poor and the sick are in the earthly hell; The world will exist forever, only we do not; Any religion and especially Christianity does not only contain some truth, but also many errors. The long list of Christian untruth includes trinity, the virgin birth, the godly nature of Jesus, the eucharistic transformation of bread and wine into the body of Christ and the resurrection of the dead.''
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XI
||1303
||1304
||8 months, did little.
|- valign="top"
|Clement V
||1305
||1314
||Removed the Papal throne to Avignon, suppressed the Templars as heretics (also for sodomy, but probably as they were a wealthy order). Acted as a French pawn.  First Pope to be crowned with Papal tiara. Incited numerous wars.
|- valign="top"
|John XXII
||1316
||1334
||Avignon Rule.  Involved in much politics.  Unorthodox teachings almost had him considered a heretic by subsequent popes.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XII
||1334
||1342
||Led inquisition against the Cathars.  Carefully documented work and interviews.  Theologian.  Campaigned against the Immaculate Conception.
|- valign="top"
|Clement VI
||1342
||1352
||Supported indulgences, reigned during the Black Plague. Lived lavishly and  He claimed to have "lived as a sinner among sinners",
|- valign="top"
|Innocent VI
||1352
||1362
||didn't do too much
|- valign="top"
|Urban V
||1362
||1370
||Disciplinarian. Enforced a crusade against the Turks.
|- valign="top"
|Gregroy XI
||1370
||1378
||Against heresies and monastic orders.  19 propositions of John Wycliffe condemned in 1377. 
|- valign="top"
|Urban VI
||1378
||1389
||Excommunicated by the antipope, called the antichrist.  Declared war on antipope.
|- valign="top"
|Boniface IX
||1389
||1404
||Re-established Rome's power.  Numerous stuff.
|-
|}
==1400 A.D. to 1600 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Renaissance'''
|-
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Innocent VII
||1404
||1406
||Fled and fought way back into power.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XII
||1406
||1415
||Fought against two antipopes.  Finally ended Western Schism.
|- valign="top"
|Martin V
||1417
||1431
||Abolished the laws against the Jews after they broght him many gifts.
|- valign="top"
|Eugene IV
||1431
||1447
||Signed agreements with the Armenians, Jacobites, Nestorians, and Maronites. Crusade against Turkey defeated. Hated Heresy.
|- valign="top"
|Nicholas V
||1447
||1455
||Legitimized the slave trade of "Saracens, Muslims, pagans and any other unbelievers" to hereditary slavery.  Constantiople sacked by Turks.
|- valign="top"
|Callixtus III
||1455
||1458
||Ordered a new trial against Joan of Arc, who was vindicated.
|- valign="top"
|Pius II
||1458
||1464
||Wrote his own life story.
|- valign="top"
|Paul II
||1464
||1471
||Pledged to improve the morals of the Romans, but never did.  Loved his own image.  Rumors of homosexuality
|- valign="top"
|Sixtus IV
||1471
||1484
||Founded Sistene Chapel. Declared a new crusade. Consented to the Spanish inquisition, instituted the feast of the immaculate conception.
|- valign="top"
|Innocent VIII
||1484
||1492
||Brought measures against witches and magicians in Germany. Supported the Spanish Inquisition. Received Moorish slaves, and redistributed them among roman curia. Received blood transfusions from three boys, all of whom died.  Was known to have many children, only two of which publicly declared (others were 'neices and nephews'). (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911)
|- valign="top"
|Alexander VI
||1492
||1503
||Was admired by Niccolo Machiavelli, Received many indulgences.  Daughter married lavishly in the Vatican. Had four children by a mistress (three sons and a daughter: Giovanni, Cesare, Goffredo (or Giuffre) and Lucrezia).  Son held "banquet of Chestnuts" where 50 prostitutes were invited to entertain the guests.  Spent the Vatican's wealth on his family, and increased the Vatican's wealth by indulgences.  Son started confiscating posessions by falsly accusing someone and sentencing them to death. Opponents were excommunicated.  Left his daughter in charge of the Pope's office while he went to fight the French army, and then arranged her marriage to the son of the Duke of Ferrara.  Numerous murders and imprisonments. (Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition (1911))
|- valign="top"
|Pius III
||1503
||1503
||26 days as a pope.
|- valign="top"
|Julius II
||1503
||1513
||Founded the Swiss guard.  Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel.  Formed the Holy League of 1511 and expelled the French from Italy.  Was a political and miliatry, rather than a religious leader.
|- valign="top"
|Leo X
||1513
||1521
||Issued Bull against Martin Luther.  Ratified the censorship of books by Alexander VI.  Involved in much politics and military.  Often travelled around Rome lavishly, with a panther and elephant.  "Under his pontificate, Christianity assumed a pagan character, which, passing from art into manners, gives to this epoch a strange complexion. Crimes for the moment disappeared, to give place to vices; but to charming vices, vices in good taste, such as those indulged in by Alcibiades and sung by Catullus."  (Alexandre Dumas)  Assassined various cardinals who opposed his lavish lifestyle.
|- valign="top"
|Adrian VI
||1522
||1523
||Was previously the Inqisitor General of Aragon
|- valign="top"
|Clement VII
||1523
||1534
||An illigitimate child of Giuliano de' Medici.  Politics with Rome and Italy and Spain saw the Vatican sacked by a Cardinal. Installed illegitimate son Alessandro as Duke of Florence.  Paid not to die after a defeat in battle, and caused the English Schism (and Church of England) after denying Henry VIII's divorce.
|- valign="top"
|Paul III
||1534
||1549
||Elected grandsons as cardinals. Revived the 'Holy Office" of the inquisition.
|- valign="top"
|Julius III
||1550
||1555
||Lived lavishly, possibly scandalous.  Chose a 17 year old as a cardinal (who later commited murder and rape).  Built a villa lavishly decorated with immodest pagan art. 
|- valign="top"
|Marcellus II
||1555
||1555
||22 day rule
|- valign="top"
|Paul IV
||1555
||1559
||"father of the Roman inquisition". Created a Roman Ghetto for Jews and required them to wear distinctive clothing.  introduced the Index Librorum Prohibitorum or 'Index of Prohibited Books' to Venice.
|- valign="top"
|Pius IV
||1559
||1565
||Killed nephews of former pope.  Formulated the Tridentine Creed. Continued the inquisition. 
|- valign="top"
|Pius V
||1566
||1572
||Started reformation of the clergy.  Standardized the Holy Mass.  Opposed Huguenots.  Numerous Bulls. Started wearing white.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XIII
||1572
||1585
||Produced the Gregorian calendar. Tried to convert England through political and military means.  Slaughtered the Heugenots
|- valign="top"
|Sixtus V
||1585
||1590
||Severe.  Imposed taxes, imposed order.
|- valign="top"
|Urban VII
||1590
||1590
||Imposed first smoking ban in churches.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XIV
||1590
||1591
||Freed all Philippine slaves (but not african slaves).
|- valign="top"
|Innocent IX
||1591
||1591
||short rule
|- valign="top"
|Clement VIII
||1592
||1605
||Openly anti-simetic, vigorous law enforcement, established peace through politics.
|-
|-
|}
|}


==1600 A.D. to 1800 A.D.==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during European Colonization'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Leo XI
||1605
||1605
||short rule
|- valign="top"
|Paul V
||1605
||1621
||Various relations with England, Spain and Japan.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XV
||1621
||1623
||Wrote against witchcraft.
|- valign="top"
|Urban VIII
||1623
||1644
||Covers part of the 30 years war, last Pope to extend papal territory.  Nepotism  - helped his family through his office.
|- valign="top"
|Innocent X
||1644
||1655
||Shrewn politician.  Encyclopaedia Britannia 9th edition (1880): "Throughout his reign the influence exercised over him by Maidalchini, his deceased brother's wife, was very great, and such as to give rise to gross scandal, for which, however, there appears to have been no adequate ground... The avarice of his female counsellor gave to his reign a tone of oppression and sordid greed which probably it would not otherwise have shown, for personally he was not without noble and reforming impulses."  Guido Reni's painting of the Archangel Michael, trampling Satan in which the features of Innocent X are immediately recognized
|- valign="top"
|Alexander VII
||1655
||1667
||Converted Queen Christina of Sweden.  Wrote that the statement that "that Christ died, or shed His blood for all men" was heretical.
|- valign="top"
|Clement IX
||1667
||1669
||opened the first public opera house in Rome
|- valign="top"
|Clement X
||1670
||1676
||Increased presence in Canada.  Politics with Poland/
|- valign="top"
|Innocent XI
||1676
||1689
||Turned deficit by living frugally.
|- valign="top"
|Alexander VIII
||1689
||1691
||Lowered taxes to subsidize other kingdom's efforts against the turks.
|- valign="top"
|Innocent XII
||1691
||1700
||Ruled against Nepotism and simony.
|- valign="top"
|Clement XI
||1700
||1721
||Fought against heresies
|- valign="top"
|Innocent XIII
||1721
||1724
||Stopped admission to the Jesuits, Supported James III (the pretender)
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XIII
||1724
||1730
||Tried to stop lavish lifestyles of clergy members
|- valign="top"
|Clement XII
||1730
||1740
||Improved papal finances by reinstating the public lottery. Decreed against the freemasons, named 8 year old as a cardinal.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XIV
||1740
||1758
||Ruled on ancestor worship vs. veneration of saints, and the name of God in Chinese.
|- valign="top"
|Clement XIII
||1758
||1769
||Put fig leaves on all the sculpures in the vatican. Practiced nepotism.  Jesuits expelled from Spain and portugal. 
|- valign="top"
|Clement XIV
||1769
||1774
||Supressed the Jesuits.
|- valign="top"
|Pius VI
||1775
||1799
||French Revolution.  Was finally taken captive and died in French custody.  Effigy burnt in France. 
|-
|}


==1800 A.D. to Present==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome in Recent History'''
|-
!Name
!Start
!End
!Significant activity
|- valign="top"
|Pius VII
||1800
||1823
||Wore a Paper-mache tierra on coronation, as the original was in french hands.  In french control for 6 years, Napoleon defeated.  Revived the inquisition.
|- valign="top"
|Leo XII
||1823
||1829
||Very strict ruler. Ruled Jews must sell property and wear distincitive clothing.  Prohibited vaccinations.
|- valign="top"
|Pius VIII
||1829
||1830
||Did little.
|- valign="top"
|Gregory XVI
||1831
||1846
||Opposed democracy, banned railways in papal states, opposed to progress.  Involved in numerous executions.  Loved playing blind-man's bluff with cardinals, and known to throw handfulls of money to his servants off his balcony, while he laughed at them scrambling for the money. 
|- valign="top"
|Pius IX
||1846
||1878
||Adopted Immaculate conception and papal infallibility.  Denounced secret societies, Bible associations, false philosophy, communism, and the press. Last Pope to hold temporal powers, and marked the end of the Papal states.  Arranged the first vatican council.  Embraced technology.
|- valign="top"
|Leo XIII
||1878
||1903
||Supported French Republic, but refused to let Italian Catholics vote.  Condemned the heresy of Americanism. 
|- valign="top"
|Pius X
||1903
||1914
||Motto was " Instaurare Omnia in Christo, or "to restore all things in Christ."  Restored the Gregorian Chant. Denounced the separation of church and state in France. Wrote against modernization and revelation. 
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XV
||1914
||1922
||WWI. Fought for a settled peace from 1914 vs. a total victory by one side or the other. Strong devotion to the Virgin Mary and humanitarian efforts.
|- valign="top"
|Pius XI
||1922
||1939
||Inaugurated the Catholic Action movement.  Established Vatican Radio. On exumenism, ruled that protestants could only be reconciled by denouncing all the doctrines they rejected.  Vatican city receives sovereignty.  Mixed response to the rise of Hitler and Mussolini.
|- valign="top"
|Pius XII
||1939
||1958
||Used Papal infallibility to define assumption of Mary.  Addressed family planning and evolution. Appointed two Jews to work in the Vatican, but did not assist the thousands who died in concentration camps.  Stalled diplomated efforts to export Jews to safer countries.  Non-responsive in WWII.  Described by the British foreign council as the "the greatest moral coward of our age".  The vatican stated that it was "unable to denounce publicly particular atrocities" and only addressed humanity in vague and general terms.  Opposed communism. 
|- valign="top"
|John XXIII
||1958
||1963
||Called the second vatican council to promote ecumenism.  Met with the archbishop of Canterbury.  Awarded the "presidential medal of Freedom" by U.S. president Lyndon B. Johnson.
|- valign="top"
|Paul VI
||1963
||1978
||Implemented the decrees of the second vatican council. Addressed birth control. Met with orthodox patriarch, and travelled the world.
|- valign="top"
|John Paul I
||1978
||1978
||Lasted 33 days.  Known as the smiling Pope.
|- valign="top"
|John Paul II
||1978
||2005
||Instrumental in the fall of communism, expanded influence in the third world. Appealed to the youth. was morally conservative.  Travelled worldwide.  Supported ecumenism.
|- valign="top"
|Benedict XVI
||2005
||present
||Fights secularism, promotes ecumenism. Deals with strong allegations of paedophiles in the priesthood under his watch as Archbishop, Cardinal and Pope. 
|-
|}


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[[Category:The Seven Church Ages]]
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