3,880
edits
Popes Through History: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| Line 1,067: | Line 1,067: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ style="background:#cedff2; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #B8C7D9;"|'''Bishops of Rome during the Reformation''' | |||
|- | |||
!Name | |||
!Start | |||
!End | |||
!Significant activity | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Leo X | |||
||1513 | |||
||1521 | |||
||Issued Bull against Martin Luther. Ratified the censorship of books by Alexander VI. Involved in much politics and military. Often travelled around Rome lavishly, with a panther and elephant. "Under his pontificate, Christianity assumed a pagan character, which, passing from art into manners, gives to this epoch a strange complexion. Crimes for the moment disappeared, to give place to vices; but to charming vices, vices in good taste, such as those indulged in by Alcibiades and sung by Catullus." (Alexandre Dumas) Assassined various cardinals who opposed his lavish lifestyle. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Adrian VI | |||
||1522 | |||
||1523 | |||
||Was previously the Inqisitor General of Aragon | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Clement VII | |||
||1523 | |||
||1534 | |||
||An illigitimate child of Giuliano de' Medici. Politics with Rome and Italy and Spain saw the Vatican sacked by a Cardinal. Installed illegitimate son Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Paid not to die after a defeat in battle, and caused the English Schism (and Church of England) after denying Henry VIII's divorce. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Paul III | |||
||1534 | |||
||1549 | |||
||Elected grandsons as cardinals. Revived the 'Holy Office" of the inquisition. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Julius III | |||
||1550 | |||
||1555 | |||
||Lived lavishly, possibly scandalous. Chose a 17 year old as a cardinal (who later commited murder and rape). Built a villa lavishly decorated with immodest pagan art. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Marcellus II | |||
||1555 | |||
||1555 | |||
||22 day rule | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Paul IV | |||
||1555 | |||
||1559 | |||
||"father of the Roman inquisition". Created a Roman Ghetto for Jews and required them to wear distinctive clothing. introduced the Index Librorum Prohibitorum or 'Index of Prohibited Books' to Venice. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Pius IV | |||
||1559 | |||
||1565 | |||
||Killed nephews of former pope. Formulated the Tridentine Creed. Continued the inquisition. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Pius V | |||
||1566 | |||
||1572 | |||
||Started reformation of the clergy. Standardized the Holy Mass. Opposed Huguenots. Numerous Bulls. Started wearing white. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Gregory XIII | |||
||1572 | |||
||1585 | |||
||Produced the Gregorian calendar. Tried to convert England through political and military means. Slaughtered the Heugenots | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Sixtus V | |||
||1585 | |||
||1590 | |||
||Severe. Imposed taxes, imposed order. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Urban VII | |||
||1590 | |||
||1590 | |||
||Imposed first smoking ban in churches. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Gregory XIV | |||
||1590 | |||
||1591 | |||
||Freed all Philippine slaves (but not african slaves). | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Innocent IX | |||
||1591 | |||
||1591 | |||
||short rule | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Clement VIII | |||
||1592 | |||
||1605 | |||
||Openly anti-simetic, vigorous law enforcement, established peace through politics. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Leo XI | |||
||1605 | |||
||1605 | |||
||short rule | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Paul V | |||
||1605 | |||
||1621 | |||
||Various relations with England, Spain and Japan. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Gregory XV | |||
||1621 | |||
||1623 | |||
||Wrote against witchcraft. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Urban VIII | |||
||1623 | |||
||1644 | |||
||Covers part of the 30 years war, last Pope to extend papal territory. Nepotism - helped his family through his office. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Innocent X | |||
||1644 | |||
||1655 | |||
||Shrewn politician. Encyclopaedia Britannia 9th edition (1880): "Throughout his reign the influence exercised over him by Maidalchini, his deceased brother's wife, was very great, and such as to give rise to gross scandal, for which, however, there appears to have been no adequate ground... The avarice of his female counsellor gave to his reign a tone of oppression and sordid greed which probably it would not otherwise have shown, for personally he was not without noble and reforming impulses." Guido Reni's painting of the Archangel Michael, trampling Satan in which the features of Innocent X are immediately recognized | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Alexander VII | |||
||1655 | |||
||1667 | |||
||Converted Queen Christina of Sweden. Wrote that the statement that "that Christ died, or shed His blood for all men" was heretical. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Clement IX | |||
||1667 | |||
||1669 | |||
||opened the first public opera house in Rome | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Clement X | |||
||1670 | |||
||1676 | |||
||Increased presence in Canada. Politics with Poland/ | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Innocent XI | |||
||1676 | |||
||1689 | |||
||Turned deficit by living frugally. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Alexander VIII | |||
||1689 | |||
||1691 | |||
||Lowered taxes to subsidize other kingdom's efforts against the turks. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Innocent XII | |||
||1691 | |||
||1700 | |||
||Ruled against Nepotism and simony. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Clement XI | |||
||1700 | |||
||1721 | |||
||Fought against heresies | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Innocent XIII | |||
||1721 | |||
||1724 | |||
||Stopped admission to the Jesuits, Supported James III (the pretender) | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Benedict XIII | |||
||1724 | |||
||1730 | |||
||Tried to stop lavish lifestyles of clergy members | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Clement XII | |||
||1730 | |||
||1740 | |||
||Improved papal finances by reinstating the public lottery. Decreed against the freemasons, named 8 year old as a cardinal. | |||
|- valign="top" | |||
|Benedict XIV | |||
||1740 | |||
||1758 | |||
||Ruled on ancestor worship vs. veneration of saints, and the name of God in Chinese. | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{{Bottom of Page}} | {{Bottom of Page}} | ||